司马迁(前145或前135~)西汉史学家,文学家。元封三年(前108),司马迁继承其父司马谈之职,任太史令,掌管天文历法及皇家图籍,因而得读史官所藏图书。太初元年(前104),与唐都、落下闳等共订《太初历》,以代替由秦沿袭下来的《颛顼历》,新历适应了当时社会的需要。此后,司马迁开始撰写《史记》。后因替投降匈奴的李陵辩护,获罪下狱,受腐刑。出狱后任中书令,继续发愤著书,终于完成了《史记》的撰写。人称其书为《太史公书》。是中国第一部纪传体通史,对后世史学影响深远,《史记》语言生动,形象鲜明,也是优秀的文学作品。
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